過去進行形の形
「〜していた」(過去のある時点で進行中の動作)
was と were の使い分け
| 主語 | be動詞 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| I | was | I was reading. |
| You | were | You were sleeping. |
| He / She / It | was | He was running. |
| We / They | were | We were eating. |
| 名詞(単数) | was | Tom was studying. |
| 名詞(複数) | were | The kids were playing. |
意味のイメージ
過去のある時点(昨日の8時、彼が来たとき、など)に
「動作が 進行中だった」ことを表す
→ 動作の 途中を写真のようにとらえる時制
過去形(I played soccer.)は「サッカーをした」という完結した出来事
過去進行形(I was playing soccer.)は「サッカーをしている最中だった」途中の場面
基本例文
I was studying English at 8 last night.(昨夜8時に英語を勉強していた)
She was watching TV when I came home.(私が帰ったとき、彼女はテレビを見ていた)
They were playing soccer in the park.(彼らは公園でサッカーをしていた)
My mother was cooking dinner then.(母はそのとき夕食を作っていた)
It was raining hard yesterday morning.(昨日の朝、激しく雨が降っていた)
We were waiting for the bus at the station.(駅でバスを待っていた)
否定文
I was not studying.(勉強していなかった)
= I wasn't studying.(短縮形)
They were not playing.(遊んでいなかった)
= They weren't playing.
He wasn't sleeping; he was reading.(寝てなくて、読書していた)
疑問文と答え方
Were you studying? — Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.
Was she watching TV? — Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.
Were they playing tennis? — Yes, they were. / No, they weren't.
What were you doing at 9 last night?(昨夜9時何してた?)
— I was taking a bath.(お風呂に入ってた)
~ing 形の作り方(復習)
| パターン | 例 |
|---|---|
| そのまま +ing | play → playing / read → reading |
| 語尾 e を取って +ing | make → making / write → writing / come → coming |
| 短母音+子音 → 子音重ねて +ing | run → running / swim → swimming / sit → sitting |
| ie で終わる → ying | lie → lying / die → dying |
時を表す表現とセットで
at + 時刻 + yesterday / last night(昨日/昨晩の〜時に)
例:at 8 yesterday, at 10 last night
then(そのとき) 例:I was sleeping then.
at that time(そのとき)
when + 過去文(〜したとき) 例:when I called her
while + 過去進行形文(〜している間) 例:while I was studying
when と while の違い
when:「(短い瞬間)〜したとき」→ 後ろに 過去形が来やすい
例:I was reading when she came.
while:「〜している間」→ 後ろに 過去進行形が来やすい
例:While I was reading, she came.
背景=過去進行形、出来事=過去形と覚える
現在進行形との比較
| 現在進行形 | 過去進行形 | |
|---|---|---|
| 形 | am/is/are + ~ing | was/were + ~ing |
| 意味 | 今〜している | そのとき〜していた |
| 例 | I am running now. | I was running then. |
| 否定 | am/is/are not | was/were not |
| 疑問 | Am/Is/Are + 主語 | Was/Were + 主語 |
- × I studying English.(be動詞がない)
- ○ I was studying English.
- × They playing soccer.
- ○ They were playing soccer.
- 進行形は必ず「be動詞+~ing」がセット。
- know(知っている)、like(好き)、have(持っている・所有)、love、want は通常進行形にしない
- × I was knowing him.
- ○ I knew him.
- ただし have が「食べる」の意味の時は OK:I was having lunch.
- 主節が過去なら従属節も過去 → 過去進行形を使う
- He said he was studying.(彼は勉強していると言った)
- × He said he is studying.
英語で使えるようにする練習
この単元は、説明を読んで終わりにすると定着しません。次の型を、主語・時・目的語を入れ替えながら声に出してください。
I was reading a book at eight.
She was cooking when I came home.
Were you studying then?
- 過去のある時点で「していた」動作を表す。
- was/were を抜かない。
- while や when と一緒に、背景の動作を表すことが多い。
練習問題
- I (was / were) reading a book.
- They (was / were) playing.
- What (was / were) you doing?
- The boys (was / were) running in the yard.
- It (was / were) snowing yesterday.
答えを見る
(1) was (2) were (3) were (4) were (5) was
- 私は昨夜10時に勉強していた。
- 彼は何をしていたのですか?
- 母が家に帰ってきたとき、私はテレビを見ていた。
- その時、雨は降っていなかった。
答えを見る
(1) I was studying at 10 last night.
(2) What was he doing?
(3) I was watching TV when my mother came home.
(4) It wasn't raining then. / It was not raining at that time.
次の文を (1) 否定文に、(2) 疑問文に書きかえよ。
She was reading a book.
答えを見る
(1) She was not reading a book.(= She wasn't reading a book.)
(2) Was she reading a book? — Yes, she was. / No, she wasn't.
( ) に when または while を入れよ。
- ( ) I was sleeping, the phone rang.
- I was watching TV ( ) she called me.
答えを見る
(1) While (2) when
- 私は8時に本を読んでいました。
- 私が帰宅したとき、彼女は料理をしていました。
- あなたはその時勉強していましたか。
答えを見る
(1) I was reading a book at eight.
(2) She was cooking when I came home.
(3) Were you studying then?
まとめ
- 過去進行形:was/were + ~ing。「〜していた」
- I/he/she/it → was、you/we/they → were。
- 否定:was/were not(=wasn't/weren't)。
- 疑問:Was/Were を文頭に。
- 時を表す副詞:at 時刻 yesterday, then, when〜, while〜。
- 状態動詞(know, like など)は進行形にしない。